4.1 Python Asoslari — Nazariya

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Kirish

Python — robotika, ma'lumotlar tahlili va sun'iy intellekt uchun eng mashhur dasturlash tili. Oson sintaksis, kuchli kutubxonalar.

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1. Ma'lumot Turlari

Asosiy turlar

# Butun son (int)
x = 42
sensor_count = 8

# Kasr son (float)
pi = 3.14159
voltage = 3.3

# Matn (str)
robot_name = "Dron-01"
status = 'active'

# Mantiqiy (bool)
is_flying = True
motor_error = False

# Tekshirish
print(type(x))      # <class 'int'>
print(type(pi))     # <class 'float'>

Ro'yxat (list)

# Yaratish
sensors = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
motors = ["M1", "M2", "M3", "M4"]

# Element olish
first = sensors[0]    # 0
last = sensors[-1]    # 4

# O'zgartirish
sensors[0] = 100

# Metodlar
sensors.append(5)     # Oxiriga qo'shish
sensors.pop()         # Oxirgini olib tashlash
len(sensors)          # Uzunlik

Lug'at (dict)

# Robot konfiguratsiya
config = {
    "name": "QuadX",
    "motors": 4,
    "max_speed": 20.5,
    "sensors": ["IMU", "GPS", "Barometer"]
}

# Qiymat olish
name = config["name"]
motors = config.get("motors", 0)  # Default qiymat

# Qo'shish/o'zgartirish
config["battery"] = 3.7

Tuple va Set

# Tuple (o'zgarmas)
position = (10.5, 20.3, 5.0)  # x, y, z
x, y, z = position  # Unpacking

# Set (takrorlanmas)
active_motors = {1, 2, 3, 4}
active_motors.add(5)
active_motors.remove(1)

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2. Operatorlar

Arifmetik

a, b = 10, 3

a + b   # 13 (qo'shish)
a - b   # 7  (ayirish)
a * b   # 30 (ko'paytirish)
a / b   # 3.333... (bo'lish)
a // b  # 3  (butun bo'lish)
a % b   # 1  (qoldiq)
a ** b  # 1000 (daraja)

Solishtirish

x, y = 5, 10

x == y  # False (teng)
x != y  # True  (teng emas)
x < y   # True  (kichik)
x <= y  # True  (kichik yoki teng)
x > y   # False (katta)
x >= y  # False (katta yoki teng)

Mantiqiy

a, b = True, False

a and b  # False
a or b   # True
not a    # False

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3. Shart Operatorlari

if-elif-else

temperature = 75

if temperature > 80:
    print("XAVF! Motor qizib ketdi!")
    shutdown_motors()
elif temperature > 60:
    print("Ogohlantirish: Harorat yuqori")
    reduce_power()
else:
    print("Normal holat")

# Qisqa yozuv
status = "OK" if temperature < 60 else "WARNING"

Ichki shartlar

altitude = 100
battery = 20

if altitude > 50:
    if battery < 30:
        print("Batareya kam — qo'nish kerak!")
        land()

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4. Sikllar

for loop

# Ro'yxat bo'ylab
motors = [1, 2, 3, 4]
for motor in motors:
    print(f"Motor {motor} tekshirilmoqda...")

# range() bilan
for i in range(5):      # 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
    print(i)

for i in range(1, 10, 2):  # 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
    print(i)

# enumerate bilan
sensors = ["IMU", "GPS", "Baro"]
for i, sensor in enumerate(sensors):
    print(f"{i}: {sensor}")

while loop

# Dron balandlik kontroli
altitude = 0
target = 10

while altitude < target:
    altitude += 0.5
    print(f"Balandlik: {altitude}m")

# break va continue
while True:
    data = read_sensor()
    if data is None:
        continue  # Keyingisiga o'tish
    if data == "STOP":
        break     # Sikldan chiqish
    process(data)

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5. Funksiyalar

Oddiy funksiya

def calculate_distance(x1, y1, x2, y2):
    """Ikki nuqta orasidagi masofa"""
    dx = x2 - x1
    dy = y2 - y1
    return (dx**2 + dy**2) ** 0.5

distance = calculate_distance(0, 0, 3, 4)
print(distance)  # 5.0

Default parametrlar

def motor_speed(motor_id, speed=50, direction="forward"):
    """Motor tezligini sozlash"""
    print(f"Motor {motor_id}: {speed}% {direction}")

motor_speed(1)                    # Default
motor_speed(2, 75)                # speed = 75
motor_speed(3, direction="back") # Nomlangan

*args va **kwargs

def log_data(*values):
    """Ixtiyoriy sonli qiymatlarni log qilish"""
    for v in values:
        print(f"  {v}")

log_data(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

def configure(**settings):
    """Kalit-qiymat juftliklari"""
    for key, value in settings.items():
        print(f"{key} = {value}")

configure(speed=100, mode="auto", debug=True)

Lambda

# Bir qatorli funksiya
square = lambda x: x ** 2
print(square(5))  # 25

# Tartiblashda
motors = [("M1", 80), ("M2", 45), ("M3", 92)]
motors.sort(key=lambda m: m[1])  # Tezlik bo'yicha

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6. Klasslar

Asosiy klass

class Motor:
    """DC Motor klassi"""
    
    def __init__(self, pin, max_speed=100):
        self.pin = pin
        self.max_speed = max_speed
        self.current_speed = 0
        self.is_running = False
    
    def start(self, speed=50):
        """Motorni ishga tushirish"""
        self.current_speed = min(speed, self.max_speed)
        self.is_running = True
        print(f"Motor {self.pin}: {self.current_speed}%")
    
    def stop(self):
        """Motorni to'xtatish"""
        self.current_speed = 0
        self.is_running = False
        print(f"Motor {self.pin}: STOP")

# Foydalanish
m1 = Motor(pin=9, max_speed=80)
m1.start(60)
m1.stop()

Meros olish

class ServoMotor(Motor):
    """Servo motor (Motor dan meros)"""
    
    def __init__(self, pin, min_angle=0, max_angle=180):
        super().__init__(pin)
        self.min_angle = min_angle
        self.max_angle = max_angle
        self.current_angle = 90
    
    def set_angle(self, angle):
        """Burchakni sozlash"""
        self.current_angle = max(self.min_angle, 
                                  min(angle, self.max_angle))
        print(f"Servo {self.pin}: {self.current_angle}°")

servo = ServoMotor(10)
servo.set_angle(45)

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7. Xatoliklarni Boshqarish

def read_sensor(sensor_id):
    try:
        value = sensors[sensor_id].read()
        return value
    except IndexError:
        print(f"Sensor {sensor_id} mavjud emas!")
        return None
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Xatolik: {e}")
        return None
    finally:
        print("Sensor o'qish tugadi")

# raise bilan
def set_speed(speed):
    if speed < 0 or speed > 100:
        raise ValueError(f"Noto'g'ri tezlik: {speed}")
    # ...

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8. Fayllar bilan Ishlash

# Yozish
with open("log.txt", "w") as f:
    f.write("Dron logi\n")
    f.write(f"Vaqt: {time.time()}\n")

# O'qish
with open("config.txt", "r") as f:
    lines = f.readlines()
    for line in lines:
        print(line.strip())

# JSON
import json

config = {"speed": 50, "mode": "auto"}
with open("config.json", "w") as f:
    json.dump(config, f)

with open("config.json", "r") as f:
    loaded = json.load(f)

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9. NumPy Asoslari

import numpy as np

# Array yaratish
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
zeros = np.zeros((3, 3))
ones = np.ones((2, 4))
range_arr = np.arange(0, 10, 0.5)

# Vektor operatsiyalar
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
b = np.array([4, 5, 6])

print(a + b)      # [5, 7, 9]
print(a * 2)      # [2, 4, 6]
print(np.dot(a, b))  # 32 (scalar product)
print(np.cross(a, b))  # cross product

# Statistika
data = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
print(np.mean(data))   # 30
print(np.std(data))    # 14.14
print(np.max(data))    # 50

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Xulosa

Tushuncha	Misol
O'zgaruvchi	x = 10
Ro'yxat	[1, 2, 3]
Lug'at	{"key": "value"}
Funksiya	def func():
Klass	class Robot:
Shart	if x > 0:
Sikl	for i in range(10):

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Keyingi Qadam

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